脱贫地区农村人居环境现状及整治框架——以重庆某县为例

为明确脱贫地区农村人居环境整治思路，本研究通过国家农村人居环境政策演变的梳理和典型县域农村人居环境整治现状的问卷调研，探讨脱贫地区农村人居环境整治框架。结果表明，2004年以来，历年中央一号文件分阶段强调农村基础设施建设、村庄环境整治和农村人居环境整治工作。调查县农业废弃物中农膜和棚膜未回收的村庄占比为29.33%和22.51%，但秸秆和畜禽粪便资源化利用程度较高；公共厕所、污水处理等基础设施的村庄普及率相对较低，农户院落闲置率和倒塌率分别为21.93%和13.28%，倒闭的种养企业厂房废弃率较高，农户卫生厕所普及率仅为57.44%。在脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴衔接期，农村人居环境整治工作应着力促进政府“自上而下”决策和社会组织及农户“自下而上”参与的有机结合，加强农户层面的卫生设施配套、移风易俗推进和环保意识提升等。     

Infrastructure and politics: Why the Belt and Road Initiative proceeded differently in Malaysia and Indonesia

The article seeks to understand the different types and sources of politicisation as well as the consequences for Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure projects. It is argued that while the personalised insulated type of foreign policymaking is conducive to intra-system politicisation, the institutionalised responsive type is associated with extra-system politicisation. While the former type is contingent on political turnovers and brings about abrupt shocks, the latter oftentimes generates societal pushback from socio-economic groups. The article focuses on two flagship Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure projects in Malaysia and Indonesia. Based on fieldwork interviews and process tracing, the article finds that the East Coast Rail Link project in Malaysia has suffered from high risk of political interruption owing to Malaysia's personalised insulated type of foreign policymaking, whereas the Jakarta–Bandung High Speed Rail project in Indonesia has encountered sustained obstacles from Indonesian society and brought about substantial delays under Indonesia's institutionalised responsive type.     

农村基础设施和公共服务设施配建需求调研及对策

针对我国农村地区基础设施和公共服务设施普遍存在缺乏统筹规划、资源配置不均衡、共享性差等问题，本研究采取现场调查、座谈交流等方式对5个典型地区18个乡镇26个村350余户居民进行设施使用满意度和需求调研，并在此基础上辨析设施配建与管理的主要影响因素。调研结果显示：村民对基础设施的满意度普遍高于公共服务设施，不同年龄和家庭收入人群的满意度和需求表现出一定的差异性。村民对基础设施的需求主要集中在设施的建设形式、使用安全性，对公共服务设施的需求主要集中在设施的便利性和服务质量。基于调研数据得出，影响农村基础设施和公共服务设施配建与管理的主要因素包括经济发展水平、资源环境条件、技术支撑能力和基层治理能力。最后，研究从区域统筹、时序协调、技术优选、治理升级4个方面提出基层政府进行基础设施和公共服务设施配建与管理的对策。